{"id":5544,"date":"2016-07-04T10:50:19","date_gmt":"2016-07-04T10:50:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/apomorphine.info\/?page_id=5544"},"modified":"2019-10-29T00:21:21","modified_gmt":"2019-10-29T00:21:21","slug":"the-history-of-apomorphine-2-2-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/apomorphine.info\/?page_id=5544","title":{"rendered":"Apomorphine Timeline"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><!--themify_builder_static--><\/p>\n<h1>Apomorphine Timeline<\/h1>\n<h2>Discover how apomorphine cured alcoholics, evolved as a treatment for Parkinson\u2019s Disease, and why it\u2019s being re-investigated as an addiction remedy.<\/h2>\n<p><iframe src='https:\/\/cdn.knightlab.com\/libs\/timeline3\/latest\/embed\/index.html?source=1pFWqJcXxaHUgvLil0s109h8_lNsRccqNz4tD8MTaFu0&#038;font=Default&#038;lang=en&#038;initial_zoom=2&#038;height=750' width='100%' height='750' webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen frameborder='0'><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>Timeline References &#038; Image Credits<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h4>References<\/h4>\n<p>1. Bertol, E. et al. &#8220;Nymphaea Cults In Ancient Egypt And The New World: A Lesson In Empirical Pharmacology&#8221;.\u00a0JRSM\u00a097.2 (2004): 84-85. Web.<\/p>\n<p>2. Emboden, William A. &#8220;The Sacred Narcotic Lily Of The Nile: Nymphaea Caerulea&#8221;.\u00a0Economic Botany\u00a032.4 (1978): 395-407. Web.<\/p>\n<p>3. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lotus-eaters.<\/p>\n<p>4. Pille, T.Lees, A. Stern, G. Erich Harnack (1852 \u2013 1915) And A Short History of Apomorphine. European Neurology 69.6 (2013): 321-324. Web.<\/p>\n<p>5. Matthiessen, A Researches Into The Chemical Constitution Of The Opium Bases. Part 1. On The Action Of Hydrochloric Acid On Morphia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 17.0 (1868): 455-4760. Web.<\/p>\n<p>6. Pearce, J M. Samuel Jones Gee (1839-1911) And Stereotypic Movements Caused By Apomorphie. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &amp; Psychiatry 59.3. (1995): 279-279. Web.<\/p>\n<p>7.Pille, T.Lees, A. Stern, G. Erich Harnack (1852 \u2013 1915) And A Short History of Apomorphine. European Neurology 69.6 (2013): 321-324. Web.<\/p>\n<p>8. Sharman, DF, Stephens DB. Proceedings: The Effect Of Apomorphine On The Behavior Of Farm Animals. J Physiol. 1974 Oct;242(2):25P-27P.<\/p>\n<p>9.Beasley, H. The Pocket Formulary, Synopsis of the British &amp; Foreign Pharmacopoeas. J &amp; A Churchill. 1877.<\/p>\n<p>10.Weil, E. De l\u2019apomorphine dans certain troubles nerveux. Lyon Med 1884;48:411\u2013419<\/p>\n<p>11.Tompkins, J. Apomorphine In Acute Alcoholic Delirium, Medical Record 1899.<\/p>\n<p>12.Douglas, J. The New York Medical Journal, p.626. 1899.<\/p>\n<p>13.Apomorphine As A Hypnotic, The Lancet, April 14. 1900. P. 1083.<\/p>\n<p>14.Hare, F. On Alcoholism; Its Clinical Aspects and Treatment. 1st ed. London: Churchill; 1912.<\/p>\n<p>15.Langdon, B. The Practitioners Encyclopedia of Medical Treatment. 1st ed. Oxford University Press; 1915.<\/p>\n<p>16. XX?<\/p>\n<p>17.Arnaud, F. Therapeutique Pharmcaologie Mati\u00e8re M\u00e9dicale. 1st ed. Masson et Cie; 1930.<\/p>\n<p>18.Choudhury, S. Slaby, J. Condition and Suggest: Narcology\u2019s Therapies. Critical Neuroscience. A Handbook of the Social and Cultural Contexts if Neuroscience. John Wiley &amp; Sons 2011.<\/p>\n<p>19.Lemere, F. Aversion Treatment of Alcoholism. Some Reminiscences. M.D. British Journal of Addiction. 1987 (82) 257 \u2013 258.<\/p>\n<p>20.Dent, J. Autobiographical notes. Dent family archive.<\/p>\n<p>21. Dent, J.Apomorphine in the Treatment of Anxiety States, with Especial Reference to Alcohlism, The British Journal of Inebriety, 1934;32(2).<\/p>\n<p>22. Dent, J. Autobiographical notes. Dent family archive.<\/p>\n<p>23. Dent, J.Apomorphine in the Treatment of Anxiety States, with Especial Reference to Alcohlism, The British Journal of Inebriety, 1934;32(2).<\/p>\n<p>24.Nicholls, J. The Highs and Lows of Drinking in Britain. 2014.<br \/>25.Blocker, JS. Fahey, DF. Tyrrel, IR. Alcohol and Temperance In Modern History, An International Encylopedia.. 2003.<\/p>\n<p>26.Dent, J. Anxiety and its Treatment. London, J. Murray. 1941.<\/p>\n<p>27.Dent J. Self Treatment of Anxiety and Craving by Apomorphine Through the Nose. The British Journal of Inebriety. 1944. 41 (2).<\/p>\n<p>28.Dent J. Apomorphine. Samuel Taylor &amp; Co, 1944.(Medical Press).<\/p>\n<p>29.Revilliod, H. The Third Kelynack Memorial Lecture. Some Aspects of the Problem of Alcoholism in Switzerland. The British Journal of Addiction, 1950. 47(1)<\/p>\n<p>30.Moser, J. Prevention of alcohol related problems: An international review of preventive measures, policies and programme. World Health Organisation \u2013 1980 \u2013 apps.who.int<\/p>\n<p>31.Thom, E.W. \u2018Alcohol Treatment Policy 1950 \u2013 1990: from alcohol treatment to alcohol problems management\u2019. PhD thesis, London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine.1997.<\/p>\n<p>32. The Alcohol Problem, International Review against Alcoholism. 1947.<\/p>\n<p>33.Dent, A. Personal communication, recollections of her father John Dent with Rubinstein, A. 2013.<\/p>\n<p>34.Dent.J.Apomorphine Treatment of Addiction Some Recent Developments. British Journal of Addiction. 1949. 46 (1).<\/p>\n<p>35.Kragh, H. From Disulfiram to Antabuse: The history of a drug. University of Aarhus, 2008.<\/p>\n<p>36.Thiesen, H. Conservatism and Social Control Treatment with Disulfiram in Denmark, 1945 \u2013 2005<\/p>\n<p>37.Martensen Larsen, O. Treatment of Alcoholism With A Sensitising Drug. The Lancet. P.1004.12.25.1948.<\/p>\n<p>38. REFERENCE NEEDED<\/p>\n<p>39.Morsier, G. Feldmann, F.The Biological Treatment of Chronic Alcoholism by Apomorphine Study of 150 cases. The British Journal of Addiction.1950.<\/p>\n<p>40.Word Health Organisation Technical Report Series. No.42. Expert Committee On Mental Health, Report on the First Session of the Acloholsim Subcommittee. Geneva, 11 -16 December 1950. (5). Means of Treatment. Pages 13\/14.<\/p>\n<p>41.Martensen-Larsen O. Five Years Experience with disulfiram in the Treatment of Alcoholism, QJ. Stud Alcohol. 1953 Sep; 14(3):406-18.<\/p>\n<p>42.Schwab R. Prichard J. An Assessment of Therapy in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. AMA Arch NeurPsych. 1951;65(4):489-501.<\/p>\n<p>43.Thom, E.W. \u2018Alcohol Treatment Policy 1950 \u2013 1990: from alcohol treatment to alcohol problems management\u2019. PhD thesis, London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine.1997.<\/p>\n<p>44. Stormont, R T. Secretary, The American Medical Association. Correspondence to Dent, J. 14.2.1955. Dent family archive.<\/p>\n<p>45. Bauer, T. Trip to Hell and Back. WSB interviewed in Trax, 1981.<\/p>\n<p>46.Miles, B. William Burroughs A Life. p.284. 2014.<\/p>\n<p>47.Burroughs, W. Letter from a Master Addicto to Dangerous Drugs. Britisih Journal of Addiction 53(2) 1957.<\/p>\n<p>48.Miles, B. William Burroughs A Life, 2014.<\/p>\n<p>49.Burroughs, W. The Naked Lunch 1962.<\/p>\n<p>50.Montagu, KA (1957) Catechol compounds in rat tissues and in brains of different animals. Nature 180: 244\u2013245.<\/p>\n<p>51.Carlsson A, Lindqvist M, Magnusson, T (1957) 3,4- Dihydroxyphenylalanine and 5-hydroxy-tryptophan as reserpine antagonists. Nature 180: 1200.<\/p>\n<p>52.Halvorsen, KA. Martensen Larsen, O. Apomorphine Revived, Fortified, Prlonged and Improved Therapeutical Effect. Int J Addict.1978 Apr;13(3):475-84.<\/p>\n<p>53.Martensen-Larsen O. Five Years Experience with disulfiram in the Treatment of Alcoholism, QJ. Stud Alcohol. 1953 Sep; 14(3):406-18.<\/p>\n<p>54.Halvorsen, KA. Martensen Larsen, O. Apomorphine Revived, 197 Draft copy. Rubinstein Archive.<\/p>\n<p>55. Dent,J. The British Journal of Addiction 1961 57(2).<\/p>\n<p>56.Glatt, M. Response to Leon Shirlaw\u2019s letter, 23.11.1986. Alcohol &amp; Alcoholism, Vol.26, No 26. Pg.651-654. 1991.<\/p>\n<p>57.Moynihan, NH. The Treatment of Alcoholism in General Practice. Practitioner. 1965 Aug;195:223-7.<\/p>\n<p>58.Ernst, AM., Relation between the action of dopamine and apomorphine and their O-methylated derivatives upon the CNS. Psychopharmacologia. 1965 May 21;7(6):391-9.<\/p>\n<p>59.Carlsson, A. Interview with Arvid Carlsson by Rubinstein. A. 30.05.2013.<\/p>\n<p>60.Schlatter, E.K.E. Treatment of alcoholics with apomorphine using Dent\u2019s Method; A Preliminary Stidy. Quebec Psychopharmacological Associaton 08.02.1966.<\/p>\n<p>61. Cotzias, G. L-Dopa for Parkinsonism. New England Journal of Medicine. 1968. 278 (11): 630.<\/p>\n<p>62.Schlatter, E.K.E. Treatment of alcoholics with apomorphine using Dent\u2019s method; a preliminary study. Psycho-Pharacological Association. 8.2.1966.<\/p>\n<p>63.Schlatter, E.K.E. Lal, S. Treatment of Alcoholics with Dent\u2019s Apomorphine Method.1972.<\/p>\n<p>64.Tallberg, A. Work and results in a minor alcohol clinic outside Stockholm. 20th International Institute on the Prevention and Treatment of Alcoholism. Manchester. England, June 24-28, 1974.<\/p>\n<p>65.Personal communication, Hore. B.D, (Manchester conference organizer,1974) with Rubinstein A. 19.04.2017.<\/p>\n<p>66.Beil, H. The Treatment of Multiple Drug Dependence and Alcoholism with Apomorphine. Zusammengestellt und herausgegeben von Hanwilhelm Beil. Hamburg 1976.<\/p>\n<p>67.Beil,H, Trojan, A. The use of apomorphine in the treatment of alcoholism and other addictions: results of a general practitioner. Br J Addict Alcohol Other Drugs. 1977 Jun;72(2):129-34.<\/p>\n<p>68.Carlsson,C. Johansson, PR. Gullberg, B. A double-blind cross-over study: apomorphine\/placebo in chronic alcoholics. Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm. 1977 May;15(5):211-3.<\/p>\n<p>69.Beil, H. Present Status of the Treatment of Alcohol Addicts with Apomorphine. 32nd International Congress on Alcoholism and Drug Depdendent. 1978. Warsaw.<\/p>\n<p>70.Madden JS. A Guide to Alcohol and Drug Dependence. 1979.<\/p>\n<p>71. Lees, AJ. Personal communication, email correspondence with Rubinstein, A. 2016.<\/p>\n<p>72.Lees AJ. Mentored by a Madman: The William Burroughs Experiment. 2016.<\/p>\n<p>73.Anokhina, A. Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Research 13. U.S.S.R. British Journal of Addiction.1987.<\/p>\n<p>74.Di Chiara, G. Imperato, A. Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. 1988 Jul;85(14):5274-8.<\/p>\n<p>75.Lees, AJ. Mentored by a Madman: The William Burroughs Experiment. 2016.<\/p>\n<p>76.Letter from Edwards, G. to Sweeney, J and Rubinstein, A.L..23.10.1990. Dent family archive.<\/p>\n<p>77.Volkow, N. Wang, G. Doria. J. Monitoring the Brain\u2019s Response to Alcohol With Positron Emission Tomography. 1995.<\/p>\n<p>78. Martensen Larsen, O. private correspondence with Dent, A. 18.10.90. Dent family archive.<\/p>\n<p>79.Schellekens, AF. van Oosterwijck, AW, Ellenbroek B, de Jong CA, Buitelaar JK, Cools L, Verkes RJ. The dopamine agonist apomorphine differentially affects cognitive performance in alcohol dependent patients and healthy controls. 2008.<\/p>\n<p>80.Riddell P. I Was An Alcoholic The Story of A Cure. Victor Gollancz 1955.<\/p>\n<p>81.Tallberg, A, Work and results in a minor alcohol clinic outside Stockholm. The Treatment of Multiple Drug Dependence and Alcoholism with Apomorphine, 1976.<\/p>\n<p>82. Klee, EW. Personal communication, interview with Rubinstein A.2016.<\/p>\n<p>83.Morales-Rosado, JA., Cousin Margot, A., Ebbert Jon, O. Klee, EW. A Critical Review of Repurposing Apomorphine for Smoking Cessation. ASSAY and Drug Development Technologies. December 2015, 13(10): 612-622.<\/p>\n<p>84. Personal communication, emails between Nutt, DJ. Mulfano, MR and Rubinstein, A. 2016.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4>Image Credits<\/h4>\n<h6><strong>Image Credits<br \/> <\/strong><\/h6>\n<p><em>Title Slide<\/em><br \/> \u00a9 akg-images<\/p>\n<p><em>Circa 1300 BC<br \/> <\/em><strong>Nymphaea Caerulea<\/strong><em><br \/> <\/em>By Louis van Houtte (1810-1876) (editor) (http:\/\/www.botanicus.org\/page\/1430839) [Public domain], &lt;a href=&#8221;https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File%3ANymphaea_caerulea00.jpg&#8221;&gt;via Wikimedia Commons&lt;\/a&gt;<\/p>\n<p><em>8 BC<\/em><br \/> <strong>The Lotus Eaters<\/strong><br \/> See page for author [Public domain], &lt;a href=&#8221;https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File%3ALotus-eaters.png&#8221;&gt;via Wikimedia Commons&lt;\/a&gt;<\/p>\n<p><em>1845<\/em><br \/> <strong>Adolf Edvard Arppe<\/strong><br \/> By C. A. H\u00e5rdh [Public domain], &lt;a href=&#8221;https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File%3AProf_Adolf_Edvard_Arppe.jpg&#8221;&gt;via Wikimedia Commons&lt;\/a&gt;<\/p>\n<p><em>1869<\/em><br \/> <strong>A meeting at The Royal Society<br \/> <\/strong>Antonia Rubinstein<strong><br \/> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>1869<\/em><br \/> <strong>Charles Alder Wright<\/strong><br \/> Image courtesy of Wellcome Library, London<\/p>\n<p><em>1912<br \/> <\/em><strong>Beckenham Place Park, location of Hare\u2019s sanatorium<br \/> <\/strong>\u00a9 Copyright\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.geograph.org.uk\/profile\/15421\">I M Chengappa<\/a>\u00a0and licensed for reuse under this\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/\">Creative Commons Licence<\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>1944<\/em><br \/> By F. Conrad (old poster) [Public domain], &lt;a href=&#8221;https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File%3APlakat_Jura-Simplon-Bahn_1890.jpg&#8221;&gt;via Wikimedia Commons&lt;\/a&gt;<\/p>\n<p><em>1946<br \/> <\/em>By Agriculture And Stock Department, Publicity Branch [Public domain], &lt;a href=&#8221;https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File%3AQueensland_State_Archives_1404_Eventide_Home_Sandgate_October_1949.png&#8221;&gt;via Wikimedia Commons&lt;\/a&gt;<\/p>\n<p><em>1947<br \/> <\/em><strong>Dr. Oluf Martensen-Larsen of Copenhagen<\/strong><em><br \/> <\/em>Copyright University of Southern California<\/p>\n<p><em>1948<br \/> <\/em>By San Diego Air &amp; Space Museum Archives [&lt;a href=&#8221;https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/commons\/usage\/&#8221;&gt;No restrictions&lt;\/a&gt;], &lt;a href=&#8221;https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File%3AWorld_Poster_(19477940425).jpg&#8221;&gt;via Wikimedia Commons&lt;\/a&gt;<\/p>\n<p><em>1950<\/em><br \/> By US Navy [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons<\/p>\n<p><em>1951<\/em><br \/> <strong>Robert S. Schwab<\/strong><br \/> Image courtesy of U.S. National Library of Medicine<\/p>\n<p><em>1970<br \/> <\/em><strong>Tremors produced by Parkinson\u2019s disease<br \/> <\/strong>Image courtesy of Creative Commons\/Lu Yang&#8217;s artworks<\/p>\n<p><em>1990<\/em><br \/> <strong>Andrew Lees<\/strong><br \/> By <a title=\"User:Andrewlees (page does not exist)\" href=\"\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=User:Andrewlees&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Andrewlees<\/a> &#8211; Own work, <a title=\"Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=15738120\">Link<\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>2000<\/em><br \/> <strong>Arvid Carlsson<\/strong><br \/> By <a title=\"User:Vogler\" href=\"\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/User:Vogler\">Vogler<\/a> &#8211; Own work, <a title=\"Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=15189015\">Link<\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>2011<\/em><br \/> By Doc. RNDr. <a title=\"Josef Reischig\" href=\"\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Josef_Reischig\">Josef Reischig<\/a>, CSc. &#8211; Archiv autora, <a title=\"Creative Commons Attribution 3.0\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\">CC BY 3.0<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=17268022\">Link<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Website Credits &#038; Acknowledgements<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h4>Authors<\/h4>\n<p>Antonia Rubinstein<br \/>Luke Ridley<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4>Website Design<\/h4>\n<p>Tamsin and David at <a href=\"http:\/\/www.davidprestonstudio.co.uk\">David Preston Studio<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4>Research<\/h4>\n<p>Mary Gore Booth<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4>Acknowledgements<\/h4>\n<p>Many thanks to the following\u00a0for their invaluable contribution:<\/p>\n<p>Rose Abdalla<br \/>Angela Attwood\u00a0<br \/>Birgitte Bagger-Skj\u00f8t<br \/>S\u00f8ren Buus Jensen<br \/>Professor Arvid Carlsson<br \/>Dr. Carl Carlsson<br \/>Kyle Cathie<br \/>Nils Dr\u00e6bye<br \/>Carole Feldmann<br \/>Anne-Lise G\u00f8tzsche<br \/>Thomas Grh\u00f8ndahl<br \/>Sten Roger Kalla<br \/>Dr. Erik Klee<br \/>Professor Andrew Lees<br \/>Dr. Charlie Lowe<br \/>Ralph Lucas<br \/>Annette Martensen Larsen<br \/>Katie Macmillan<br \/>Professor Marcus Munafo<br \/>Professor David Nutt<br \/>Jamie Priestley<br \/>David Preston<br \/>Tamsin Preston<br \/>Adam Ridley<br \/>Luke Ridley<br \/>John Rubinstein<br \/>Professor J\u00f8rgen Scheel-Kr\u00fcger<br \/>Stephen Koch<br \/>Society for the Study of Addiction<br \/>Warwick Sweeney<br \/>Matts Tallberg<br \/>Professor Alf Trojen<br \/>Wellcome Collection<br \/>Wikie-Commons<br \/>Jeffrey Posternak<br \/>The Wylie Agency LLC<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--\/themify_builder_static--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; Apomorphine Timeline Discover how apomorphine cured alcoholics, evolved as a treatment for Parkinson\u2019s Disease, and why it\u2019s being re-investigated as an addiction remedy. Timeline References &#038; Image Credits References 1. Bertol, E. et al. &#8220;Nymphaea Cults In Ancient Egypt And The New World: A Lesson In Empirical Pharmacology&#8221;.\u00a0JRSM\u00a097.2 (2004): 84-85. Web. 2. Emboden, William [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":5472,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5544","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","has-post-title","has-post-date","has-post-category","has-post-tag","has-post-comment","has-post-author",""],"builder_content":"<h1>Apomorphine Timeline<\/h1>\n<h2>Discover how apomorphine cured alcoholics, evolved as a treatment for Parkinson\u2019s Disease, and why it\u2019s being re-investigated as an addiction remedy.<\/h2>\n<p><iframe src='https:\/\/cdn.knightlab.com\/libs\/timeline3\/latest\/embed\/index.html?source=1pFWqJcXxaHUgvLil0s109h8_lNsRccqNz4tD8MTaFu0&font=Default&lang=en&initial_zoom=2&height=750' width='100%' height='750' webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen frameborder='0'><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n<h3>Timeline References & Image Credits<\/h3><ul><li><h4>References<\/h4><p>1. Bertol, E. et al. \"Nymphaea Cults In Ancient Egypt And The New World: A Lesson In Empirical Pharmacology\".\u00a0JRSM\u00a097.2 (2004): 84-85. Web.<\/p> <p>2. Emboden, William A. \"The Sacred Narcotic Lily Of The Nile: Nymphaea Caerulea\".\u00a0Economic Botany\u00a032.4 (1978): 395-407. Web.<\/p> <p>3. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lotus-eaters.<\/p> <p>4. Pille, T.Lees, A. Stern, G. Erich Harnack (1852 \u2013 1915) And A Short History of Apomorphine. European Neurology 69.6 (2013): 321-324. Web.<\/p> <p>5. Matthiessen, A Researches Into The Chemical Constitution Of The Opium Bases. Part 1. On The Action Of Hydrochloric Acid On Morphia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 17.0 (1868): 455-4760. Web.<\/p> <p>6. Pearce, J M. Samuel Jones Gee (1839-1911) And Stereotypic Movements Caused By Apomorphie. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &amp; Psychiatry 59.3. (1995): 279-279. Web.<\/p> <p>7.Pille, T.Lees, A. Stern, G. Erich Harnack (1852 \u2013 1915) And A Short History of Apomorphine. European Neurology 69.6 (2013): 321-324. Web.<\/p> <p>8. Sharman, DF, Stephens DB. Proceedings: The Effect Of Apomorphine On The Behavior Of Farm Animals. J Physiol. 1974 Oct;242(2):25P-27P.<\/p> <p>9.Beasley, H. The Pocket Formulary, Synopsis of the British &amp; Foreign Pharmacopoeas. J &amp; A Churchill. 1877.<\/p> <p>10.Weil, E. De l\u2019apomorphine dans certain troubles nerveux. Lyon Med 1884;48:411\u2013419<\/p> <p>11.Tompkins, J. Apomorphine In Acute Alcoholic Delirium, Medical Record 1899.<\/p> <p>12.Douglas, J. The New York Medical Journal, p.626. 1899.<\/p> <p>13.Apomorphine As A Hypnotic, The Lancet, April 14. 1900. P. 1083.<\/p> <p>14.Hare, F. On Alcoholism; Its Clinical Aspects and Treatment. 1st ed. London: Churchill; 1912.<\/p> <p>15.Langdon, B. The Practitioners Encyclopedia of Medical Treatment. 1st ed. Oxford University Press; 1915.<\/p> <p>16. XX?<\/p> <p>17.Arnaud, F. Therapeutique Pharmcaologie Mati\u00e8re M\u00e9dicale. 1st ed. Masson et Cie; 1930.<\/p> <p>18.Choudhury, S. Slaby, J. Condition and Suggest: Narcology\u2019s Therapies. Critical Neuroscience. A Handbook of the Social and Cultural Contexts if Neuroscience. John Wiley &amp; Sons 2011.<\/p> <p>19.Lemere, F. Aversion Treatment of Alcoholism. Some Reminiscences. M.D. British Journal of Addiction. 1987 (82) 257 \u2013 258.<\/p> <p>20.Dent, J. Autobiographical notes. Dent family archive.<\/p> <p>21. Dent, J.Apomorphine in the Treatment of Anxiety States, with Especial Reference to Alcohlism, The British Journal of Inebriety, 1934;32(2).<\/p> <p>22. Dent, J. Autobiographical notes. Dent family archive.<\/p> <p>23. Dent, J.Apomorphine in the Treatment of Anxiety States, with Especial Reference to Alcohlism, The British Journal of Inebriety, 1934;32(2).<\/p> <p>24.Nicholls, J. The Highs and Lows of Drinking in Britain. 2014.<br \/>25.Blocker, JS. Fahey, DF. Tyrrel, IR. Alcohol and Temperance In Modern History, An International Encylopedia.. 2003.<\/p> <p>26.Dent, J. Anxiety and its Treatment. London, J. Murray. 1941.<\/p> <p>27.Dent J. Self Treatment of Anxiety and Craving by Apomorphine Through the Nose. The British Journal of Inebriety. 1944. 41 (2).<\/p> <p>28.Dent J. Apomorphine. Samuel Taylor &amp; Co, 1944.(Medical Press).<\/p> <p>29.Revilliod, H. The Third Kelynack Memorial Lecture. Some Aspects of the Problem of Alcoholism in Switzerland. The British Journal of Addiction, 1950. 47(1)<\/p> <p>30.Moser, J. Prevention of alcohol related problems: An international review of preventive measures, policies and programme. World Health Organisation \u2013 1980 \u2013 apps.who.int<\/p> <p>31.Thom, E.W. \u2018Alcohol Treatment Policy 1950 \u2013 1990: from alcohol treatment to alcohol problems management\u2019. PhD thesis, London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine.1997.<\/p> <p>32. The Alcohol Problem, International Review against Alcoholism. 1947.<\/p> <p>33.Dent, A. Personal communication, recollections of her father John Dent with Rubinstein, A. 2013.<\/p> <p>34.Dent.J.Apomorphine Treatment of Addiction Some Recent Developments. British Journal of Addiction. 1949. 46 (1).<\/p> <p>35.Kragh, H. From Disulfiram to Antabuse: The history of a drug. University of Aarhus, 2008.<\/p> <p>36.Thiesen, H. Conservatism and Social Control Treatment with Disulfiram in Denmark, 1945 \u2013 2005<\/p> <p>37.Martensen Larsen, O. Treatment of Alcoholism With A Sensitising Drug. The Lancet. P.1004.12.25.1948.<\/p> <p>38. REFERENCE NEEDED<\/p> <p>39.Morsier, G. Feldmann, F.The Biological Treatment of Chronic Alcoholism by Apomorphine Study of 150 cases. The British Journal of Addiction.1950.<\/p> <p>40.Word Health Organisation Technical Report Series. No.42. Expert Committee On Mental Health, Report on the First Session of the Acloholsim Subcommittee. Geneva, 11 -16 December 1950. (5). Means of Treatment. Pages 13\/14.<\/p> <p>41.Martensen-Larsen O. Five Years Experience with disulfiram in the Treatment of Alcoholism, QJ. Stud Alcohol. 1953 Sep; 14(3):406-18.<\/p> <p>42.Schwab R. Prichard J. An Assessment of Therapy in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. AMA Arch NeurPsych. 1951;65(4):489-501.<\/p> <p>43.Thom, E.W. \u2018Alcohol Treatment Policy 1950 \u2013 1990: from alcohol treatment to alcohol problems management\u2019. PhD thesis, London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine.1997.<\/p> <p>44. Stormont, R T. Secretary, The American Medical Association. Correspondence to Dent, J. 14.2.1955. Dent family archive.<\/p> <p>45. Bauer, T. Trip to Hell and Back. WSB interviewed in Trax, 1981.<\/p> <p>46.Miles, B. William Burroughs A Life. p.284. 2014.<\/p> <p>47.Burroughs, W. Letter from a Master Addicto to Dangerous Drugs. Britisih Journal of Addiction 53(2) 1957.<\/p> <p>48.Miles, B. William Burroughs A Life, 2014.<\/p> <p>49.Burroughs, W. The Naked Lunch 1962.<\/p> <p>50.Montagu, KA (1957) Catechol compounds in rat tissues and in brains of different animals. Nature 180: 244\u2013245.<\/p> <p>51.Carlsson A, Lindqvist M, Magnusson, T (1957) 3,4- Dihydroxyphenylalanine and 5-hydroxy-tryptophan as reserpine antagonists. Nature 180: 1200.<\/p> <p>52.Halvorsen, KA. Martensen Larsen, O. Apomorphine Revived, Fortified, Prlonged and Improved Therapeutical Effect. Int J Addict.1978 Apr;13(3):475-84.<\/p> <p>53.Martensen-Larsen O. Five Years Experience with disulfiram in the Treatment of Alcoholism, QJ. Stud Alcohol. 1953 Sep; 14(3):406-18.<\/p> <p>54.Halvorsen, KA. Martensen Larsen, O. Apomorphine Revived, 197 Draft copy. Rubinstein Archive.<\/p> <p>55. Dent,J. The British Journal of Addiction 1961 57(2).<\/p> <p>56.Glatt, M. Response to Leon Shirlaw\u2019s letter, 23.11.1986. Alcohol &amp; Alcoholism, Vol.26, No 26. Pg.651-654. 1991.<\/p> <p>57.Moynihan, NH. The Treatment of Alcoholism in General Practice. 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Personal communication, email correspondence with Rubinstein, A. 2016.<\/p> <p>72.Lees AJ. Mentored by a Madman: The William Burroughs Experiment. 2016.<\/p> <p>73.Anokhina, A. Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Research 13. U.S.S.R. British Journal of Addiction.1987.<\/p> <p>74.Di Chiara, G. Imperato, A. Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. 1988 Jul;85(14):5274-8.<\/p> <p>75.Lees, AJ. Mentored by a Madman: The William Burroughs Experiment. 2016.<\/p> <p>76.Letter from Edwards, G. to Sweeney, J and Rubinstein, A.L..23.10.1990. Dent family archive.<\/p> <p>77.Volkow, N. Wang, G. Doria. J. Monitoring the Brain\u2019s Response to Alcohol With Positron Emission Tomography. 1995.<\/p> <p>78. Martensen Larsen, O. private correspondence with Dent, A. 18.10.90. Dent family archive.<\/p> <p>79.Schellekens, AF. van Oosterwijck, AW, Ellenbroek B, de Jong CA, Buitelaar JK, Cools L, Verkes RJ. The dopamine agonist apomorphine differentially affects cognitive performance in alcohol dependent patients and healthy controls. 2008.<\/p> <p>80.Riddell P. I Was An Alcoholic The Story of A Cure. Victor Gollancz 1955.<\/p> <p>81.Tallberg, A, Work and results in a minor alcohol clinic outside Stockholm. The Treatment of Multiple Drug Dependence and Alcoholism with Apomorphine, 1976.<\/p> <p>82. Klee, EW. Personal communication, interview with Rubinstein A.2016.<\/p> <p>83.Morales-Rosado, JA., Cousin Margot, A., Ebbert Jon, O. Klee, EW. A Critical Review of Repurposing Apomorphine for Smoking Cessation. ASSAY and Drug Development Technologies. December 2015, 13(10): 612-622.<\/p> <p>84. Personal communication, emails between Nutt, DJ. Mulfano, MR and Rubinstein, A. 2016.<\/p><\/li><li><h4>Image Credits<\/h4><h6><strong>Image Credits<br \/> <\/strong><\/h6> <p><em>Title Slide<\/em><br \/> \u00a9 akg-images<\/p> <p><em>Circa 1300 BC<br \/> <\/em><strong>Nymphaea Caerulea<\/strong><em><br \/> <\/em>By Louis van Houtte (1810-1876) (editor) (http:\/\/www.botanicus.org\/page\/1430839) [Public domain], &lt;a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File%3ANymphaea_caerulea00.jpg\"&gt;via Wikimedia Commons&lt;\/a&gt;<\/p> <p><em>8 BC<\/em><br \/> <strong>The Lotus Eaters<\/strong><br \/> See page for author [Public domain], &lt;a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File%3ALotus-eaters.png\"&gt;via Wikimedia Commons&lt;\/a&gt;<\/p> <p><em>1845<\/em><br \/> <strong>Adolf Edvard Arppe<\/strong><br \/> By C. A. H\u00e5rdh [Public domain], &lt;a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File%3AProf_Adolf_Edvard_Arppe.jpg\"&gt;via Wikimedia Commons&lt;\/a&gt;<\/p> <p><em>1869<\/em><br \/> <strong>A meeting at The Royal Society<br \/> <\/strong>Antonia Rubinstein<strong><br \/> <\/strong><\/p> <p><em>1869<\/em><br \/> <strong>Charles Alder Wright<\/strong><br \/> Image courtesy of Wellcome Library, London<\/p> <p><em>1912<br \/> <\/em><strong>Beckenham Place Park, location of Hare\u2019s sanatorium<br \/> <\/strong>\u00a9 Copyright\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.geograph.org.uk\/profile\/15421\">I M Chengappa<\/a>\u00a0and licensed for reuse under this\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/\">Creative Commons Licence<\/a><\/p> <p><em>1944<\/em><br \/> By F. Conrad (old poster) [Public domain], &lt;a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File%3APlakat_Jura-Simplon-Bahn_1890.jpg\"&gt;via Wikimedia Commons&lt;\/a&gt;<\/p> <p><em>1946<br \/> <\/em>By Agriculture And Stock Department, Publicity Branch [Public domain], &lt;a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File%3AQueensland_State_Archives_1404_Eventide_Home_Sandgate_October_1949.png\"&gt;via Wikimedia Commons&lt;\/a&gt;<\/p> <p><em>1947<br \/> <\/em><strong>Dr. Oluf Martensen-Larsen of Copenhagen<\/strong><em><br \/> <\/em>Copyright University of Southern California<\/p> <p><em>1948<br \/> <\/em>By San Diego Air &amp; Space Museum Archives [&lt;a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/commons\/usage\/\"&gt;No restrictions&lt;\/a&gt;], &lt;a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File%3AWorld_Poster_(19477940425).jpg\"&gt;via Wikimedia Commons&lt;\/a&gt;<\/p> <p><em>1950<\/em><br \/> By US Navy [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons<\/p> <p><em>1951<\/em><br \/> <strong>Robert S. Schwab<\/strong><br \/> Image courtesy of U.S. National Library of Medicine<\/p> <p><em>1970<br \/> <\/em><strong>Tremors produced by Parkinson\u2019s disease<br \/> <\/strong>Image courtesy of Creative Commons\/Lu Yang's artworks<\/p> <p><em>1990<\/em><br \/> <strong>Andrew Lees<\/strong><br \/> By <a title=\"User:Andrewlees (page does not exist)\" href=\"\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=User:Andrewlees&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Andrewlees<\/a> - Own work, <a title=\"Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=15738120\">Link<\/a><\/p> <p><em>2000<\/em><br \/> <strong>Arvid Carlsson<\/strong><br \/> By <a title=\"User:Vogler\" href=\"\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/User:Vogler\">Vogler<\/a> - Own work, <a title=\"Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=15189015\">Link<\/a><\/p> <p><em>2011<\/em><br \/> By Doc. RNDr. <a title=\"Josef Reischig\" href=\"\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Josef_Reischig\">Josef Reischig<\/a>, CSc. - Archiv autora, <a title=\"Creative Commons Attribution 3.0\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\">CC BY 3.0<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=17268022\">Link<\/a><\/p><\/li><\/ul>\n<h3>Website Credits & Acknowledgements<\/h3><ul><li><h4>Authors<\/h4><p>Antonia Rubinstein<br \/>Luke Ridley<\/p><\/li><li><h4>Website Design<\/h4><p>Tamsin and David at <a href=\"http:\/\/www.davidprestonstudio.co.uk\">David Preston Studio<\/a><\/p><\/li><li><h4>Research<\/h4><p>Mary Gore Booth<\/p><\/li><li><h4>Acknowledgements<\/h4><p>Many thanks to the following\u00a0for their invaluable contribution:<\/p> <p>Rose Abdalla<br \/>Angela Attwood\u00a0<br \/>Birgitte Bagger-Skj\u00f8t<br \/>S\u00f8ren Buus Jensen<br \/>Professor Arvid Carlsson<br \/>Dr. Carl Carlsson<br \/>Kyle Cathie<br \/>Nils Dr\u00e6bye<br \/>Carole Feldmann<br \/>Anne-Lise G\u00f8tzsche<br \/>Thomas Grh\u00f8ndahl<br \/>Sten Roger Kalla<br \/>Dr. Erik Klee<br \/>Professor Andrew Lees<br \/>Dr. Charlie Lowe<br \/>Ralph Lucas<br \/>Annette Martensen Larsen<br \/>Katie Macmillan<br \/>Professor Marcus Munafo<br \/>Professor David Nutt<br \/>Jamie Priestley<br \/>David Preston<br \/>Tamsin Preston<br \/>Adam Ridley<br \/>Luke Ridley<br \/>John Rubinstein<br \/>Professor J\u00f8rgen Scheel-Kr\u00fcger<br \/>Stephen Koch<br \/>Society for the Study of Addiction<br \/>Warwick Sweeney<br \/>Matts Tallberg<br \/>Professor Alf Trojen<br \/>Wellcome Collection<br \/>Wikie-Commons<br \/>Jeffrey Posternak<br \/>The Wylie Agency LLC<\/p><\/li><\/ul>","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/apomorphine.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5544","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/apomorphine.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/apomorphine.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apomorphine.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apomorphine.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5544"}],"version-history":[{"count":49,"href":"https:\/\/apomorphine.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5544\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7063,"href":"https:\/\/apomorphine.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5544\/revisions\/7063"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/apomorphine.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5472"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/apomorphine.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5544"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}